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Hey everyone, its Education Station, the show where we invite teachers from all across West Virginia to submit videos of themselves teaching their favorite lessons.

In today's episode, we've got three exciting lessons about welding, biology and manufacturing.

Well, hello, and welcome back everyone.

I'm your host, Alex, Melanie's and sparks are literally going to be flying in our first segment.

Mr. Conrad has a fun demonstration from the welding classroom.

Let's check it out.

Hey, everyone, I'm Clayton Conrad.

I'm a junior at talacre started high school and I'm enrolled in the welding program here at Mid Ohio Valley Technical Institute.

I chose welding as my career because a lot of local places like boulder making and fab shops are needed voters.

After high school, I choose to pursue my dream of welding at Hobart Welding School in Troy, Ohio.

After that, I plan to stay local around here at a boilermaker or a variety of fat shops.

Alright, before we start playing with fire, we talked about safety.

At the beginning here, you want to have some pushy boots, you have jeans without any holes in them.

If they have holes in them or they have strings they can catch on fire and burn you won't have an FR jacket fire resistant, Fr gloves.

And you'd have four to five shake goggles.

Right now have five say goggles or you could also use a shield or start out with your oxygen suddenly and safety on your bottles.

You have regulated very here.

And before you start you should check for leaks.

You spray around here and if you see bubbling up around here, you know it's gone correctly in the need to get a new one there on spirit and put it back on prep.

Same here seven on your oxygen tank.

What is full is 2200 PSF.

And on your smaller bottle which is your acetylene.

It should hold around 250 psi.

See starting on your oxygen bottle to turn it on.

Make sure your regulator screws release.

And now try to involve slowly as you see the gauge come up and turn all the way on now so make sure you're standing to the side and turned on.

Screw your regular screws slowly running around 40 psi.

Right now you're settling bottle.

If you're storing it lying down, you just set it up at least a half hour before you use it because there's acetate in the bottle and you need to let it settle down to the bottom it absorbs your suddenly and it pours it out as you're using it.

To turn your settling bottle on.

Make sure your regular screws loose, slowly turned on to start getting pressure.

Now on this one, you only do a half to three quarters of a turn.

This you want to run about three to five.

Today I'm around five and I'm cutting a little thicker metal.

Now you're settling for working conditions you don't want to get past 10 very dangerous with the boat.

Now onto your torch.

You have your green line which is your oxygen and the Navy red line which is your acetylene or your fuel.

They will never be the changes but they'll be alright.

You get your torch body and then you got your torch head you have your cutting lover and you pretty well I guess talk about the cutting goggles is very important to where I'm while you're cutting.

Unlike welding it don't burn your eyes but the damage can be permanent from as it does it slowly.

So make sure you're always wearing four to five shades while you're doing your oxy acetylene cutting.

I guess now we'll start to play with fire.

Alright, before we forget torch to safety, you should all use a friction ladder.

If you don't, if you use like a match for a lighter it could be dangerous to get in holding up there and still a lot flow start off Make sure your oxygen valves closed, we're gonna be valves closed.

Now turn your oxygen, oxygen on all the way.

Crack yourself.

That will, what we want is a neutral flame, which is a good mixture of oxygen and suddenly together.

So a fugitive issue you're settling cracked a little bit, then you slide it and you want to invest that smoke away.

Then you slowly turn on your breathing.

Now, see right here, the planes, the planes aren't jumping as much, which means a good nice neutral point.

And now get into cutting.

You want to make sure you're always comfortable.

You want to get a good spot right in late, lay your arm down.

You ready so you want to put your goggles on.

What you want to do is go in your modal, make sure you get the metal nice and warm to get a preview, which is most nice in the morning.

Then step back and then cut nice slow and steady.

All right, now you're done cutting turn off, you're settling your fuel.

Now stop the flame.

Now what you want to do is show your gas off here, your oxygen off.

And I just got a piece of metal you think take your goggles off now.

Come over here.

You want to turn your auction tech off.

You're certainly checked off.

Now you're gonna bleed the line to get all the pressure.

So first off, what I like to do is turn off my wheat my settling first crack you're settling until your pressure down to zero here and turn it off.

Now turn on your oxygen a little bit impressed you're cutting your pressure here again.

Got that turn make sure both your valves are shut off here.

Set your torch down.

Then you want to unscrew your regulator screws until they're loose.

And that's how you safely use the oxy acetylene cutting torch.

Hey guys, my name is Mike Sam's on the welding instructor at the metabolic tech with and I'd like to take just a little bit of time to talk to you about well, welding is a skill that only about 2% of people in the United States.

If you want to think about it, there's actually more heart surgeons in the United States than there are certified pipeline.

Welding affects all of our lives every day.

We may not think about it, but there's welds in the cars we drive from the bridges we drive across to the buildings ran Heck, our school buildings and everything.

Every morning when we get up, then we go to our refrigerator, there are 43 wells in that refrigerator that you get the juice from.

welding is also a great career choice, especially if you're a person that likes to travel.

There are jobs all over the United States for certain welders.

And a lot of young people like to get into these field travel see the world plus also against it.

Well he sounds like something that you'd like to do, then check out your local Career Center, or come join us here to become part of the Thanks, Mr. Conrad.

Alright, next up, we're going to take a look at a specific type of science called biology.

Mr. Niecy has a fun lesson about the basics of evolution.

Let's check it out.

Today, I have two separate videos for you.

And we're going to conclude our biology 101 series with evolution.

This is lesson number 10.

And so I put Charles Darwin on here because he is the father of evolution.

And he did most of his work in the 1800s.

So we put the 1859 up there, what he referred to evolution as was evolution by means of natural selection.

So we're going to look at both of those processes.

And that's how organisms change over time.

And they change the changes in their heritable physical or behavioral traits.

So most of these would be traits that would be inherited.

So let's look Darwin was influenced by observations he made during his trip to the Galapagos Islands aboard the HMS Beagle.

That was the name of the ship.

HMS stands for her majesty's service, in case you don't know.

But what he did was he was a naturalist.

He got seasick while he was on the ship.

So he would get off of the ship and walk around the islands and keep notebooks where he drew pictures of different animals.

And he took notes about what he saw.

So what he observed was a whole array of unique finches and finches are birds, right.

And they exhibit slight differences from island to island and the differences he noticed most were beak shape, depending on what they ate.

If they gave seeds, they had one big shape, if they ate nuts, they had another beak shape.

If they weren't, they had a different beak shape.

So he was trying to figure out why they all had different beak shapes according to what they ate.

So patterns in the distribution and similarity of organisms had a very powerful influence on Darwin's thinking.

He also looked at tortoises and some other animals, lizards, giant lizards and things that were on the Galapagos.

But mostly, when people talk about Darwin, it's the finches.

So here's this theory, there are four, three different postulates, first, species, and I put the definition of a species here, those are populations of interbreeding organisms, it can only be a species if they breed and produce viable young young that can then in turn, reproduce, so and how those change over time and space.

So the representatives of the species that live today are different than those that lived in the recent past.

And those populations in different regions differ slightly in former behavior.

So when he thought of evolution, he thought over a long period of time, how are the species changing?

And what do those changes mean?

So number two, is all organisms share a common ancestor with other organisms.

And so he thought this is this is what Darwin thought, over time, populations may divide into different different species, excuse me, we share a common ancestral population.

So those ancestors that would explain the similarities of organisms that are classified together, we mean classification, we're all human beings, we're all Homo sapiens were classified together.

A dog is a canine, a cat is a feline they belong, even though they're both vertebrates and animals.

As we go down the taxonomy, we see that the farther you go down, the more closely related you are, we can belong to the same genus and a different species and exhibit different characteristics.

So and their similarities reflect the inheritance of the traits from a common ancestor.

So what he's saying is you would not inherit these traits, unless they were beneficial to you.

And we'll look at that in the video on natural selection.

evolutionary change is gradual and slow, it doesn't happen overnight.

So he thought that that claim was supported by long episodes of very gradual change in organisms in the fossil record.

And then the fact that no naturalist had observed the sudden appearance of a new species in Darwin's time, not a new species just didn't pop up.

So that's what that was what he predicted that the process of natural selection, according to Darwin has four components, we're going to look at all four of them.

The first one is variation, right?

organisms within populations have individual variation in appearance and behavior.

So I put some examples down here, you see a dog, but not all dogs Look, the same.

A Collie looks different than a beagle looks different than a cocker spaniel, right?

Those are all dogs, those are all canines.

But they're different species within the same population.

So they can vary in body size, hair color, facial markings, how their voices sound, or number of offspring they produce.

So that was the first thing was variation.

The second thing is inheritance.

Some traits are consistently passed from parent to offspring, right?

Those are called heritable things that you inherit from your parents.

Whereas other traits are strongly influenced by environmental conditions, and show weak heritability.

Right.

So this just depends on which these characteristics or traits, genes are more beneficial.

Those are the ones that we're going to see if they are only influenced by the environment, we may not see the heritability that we see in the ones that are that are not that are not consistently.

So number three, they have a higher rate of population growth.

Most populations have offsprings each year that the resources can support.

Right.

So that's one of the things that you learn, supply and demand.

So we only have enough offspring that we have resources to feed them if we have more, they're not going to survive, right.

So leading to a struggle for resources.

Each generation experiences substantial mortality, right?

They die, there's no resources, right?

So that's an if you don't have anything to eat, then you're going to your species will die off or some of the people will die off or some of the animals will die off.

differential survival and productive and reproductive rates.

Individuals possessing traits well suited for the struggle for local resources will contribute more offspring to the next generation because they survive.

Those attributes are then in turn passed on.

And we'll look at that more when we look at natural selection.

That would be like if you were out hunting, and the guy that had the bow and arrow caught more than you did with your hands, right?

Those are resources that we're talking about here.

So natural selection, we have one generation to the next, that struggle for those resources will favor individuals with the variants, the variations that we talked about over others, and then change the frequency of the traits within a population.

If you have traits that are more beneficial, those are going to continue on.

And they're going to occur more often because they're beneficial for the environmental conditions in which you live, they won't.

That's the reason that's what drives the environment drives natural selection.

And we'll look at that in the other video as well.

They confer an advantage to those individuals who leave more offspring.

That's called an adaptation.

If you have an a trait that is advantageous, then you adapt that to your environment.

Those are called adaptations.

That would be like Darwin in the beaks, you would have to possess the beak for what you're eating on that island.

You can't have a beak for eating worms that eat seeds, you would starve to death.

So you have to have the beak to eat seeds that therefore that's produced on that's on in your offspring, right?

You're no longer and that's why on different islands, they had different big types because of different food sources.

In order for natural selection to operate on a trait, the trait must possess heritable variation variation you can inherit, and it must confer an advantage to the competition for resources or we don't need it.

I used to tell all my students when I taught biology is about two things sex and food.

Those are the two things reproduction and what you eat.

Those are the two things biology revolves around because if you don't have either your species ceases to exist.

So evidence of natural selection.

This is an example that people commonly use.

It's called industrial melanism melanin.

melanin is the pigment in your skin or the pigment in dogs for cats for or in this instance, we're looking at mas but melanin is pigment.

They were caught, they were peppered moths, and I gave you the genus and the species name.

Anytime you see a genus name, you capitalize it, species is lowercase.

It's italicized or underlined.

So they were called beast on butyl laryea.

Those are the peppered mods.

So before 1800, the typical moth of this species looked the light, like a really light gray to a white color, right.

And very few of the dark colored melenik Moss occurred.

Those were very rare.

Mostly you had the white, the white moths, right.

So if you're thinking about competition and predator prey relationships, the white mops laid it on the trees that had the most lichens.

So lichens are if you see if you go on your and you're walking in the forest, and you see that kind of stuff that looks like it's painted on the tree, it's green, like it is both a fungus and an alga it photosynthesize, but it also decomposes.

But if you see more of those, that means that there is a lot of nutrients in the soil, a lot of oxygen, they call them like in forests.

And that's a good place to be.

So these moths occur occurred on these trees to avoid predation, the birds couldn't see them to come pick them off, right.

But during the Industrial Revolution, we had a lot of soot produced, and other industrial waste that accumulated on the tree trunks and a dark into the color of the tree trunks right here.

So those light colored laws became more rare because now if you're a light colored moth against a dark tree trunk, the virgin see you pick you off and eat you.

So they changed.

And so the dark ones became more abundant because now they blend in more to the tree trunks than the light moths do.

So by 1819, the first melodic morph was seen.

And by 1886, it was far more common, illustrating rapid evolutionary change, the boss had to change rapidly to avoid being preyed upon.

So eventually, the light wars were common only in a few locales, and those were far distances away from the industrial cities.

Right?

This, the cause of this change was thought to be selective predation, right?

We're picking the ones that we can see the ones that the birds could see.

And that favored the camouflage coloration of the moth.

So this is the environment, driving natural selection, or the heritable characteristics to continue on, which was one of Darwin's postulates.

Thanks, Mr. neesee.

Alright, so growing up, I'm sure we all enjoyed playing with blocks.

But did you know that building with blocks is actually a form of manufacturing?

Well, for a more in depth look at different types of manufacturing?

Let's go visit Mr. sands.

Hey guys, this is Mr. sands from United Technical Center in Clarksburg, West Virginia.

Today I would like to talk to you about two manufacturing process Tess's first process would be additive manufacturing, more commonly known as 3d printing.

A lot of you have, maybe have 3d printers in your classrooms, at your schools and maybe had the opportunity to use those 3d printers.

That, again, is called additive manufacturing.

The other manufacturing process that we want to look at today is the process known as subtractive.

manufacturing.

This is done through removing material.

So you start off with a solid block or a solid piece of material, and you remove material until you become to the desired shape.

So we want to look at the entire process.

The process beginning in engineering, where the engineers would create a 3d model of the part then would create a part drawing.

From that part drawing the machinists would have all the information necessary to manufacture the desired part.

So we want to take a look today, just at what the whole process looks like.

So let's get started.

So let's take a closer look at what additive manufacturing means and what subtractive manufacturing means.

additive manufacturing is the industrial production name for 3d printing.

Many of you have seen 3d printers around your schools, and maybe have had the opportunity to use it.

So this is called additive manufacturing.

So it is a computer controlled process.

That creates a three dimensional object by depositing material, layer upon layer, so stacking material up to create your three dimensional object.

So subtractive manufacturing is just the opposite.

It's where we start with a solid block of material.

And we remove material or we cut material away to manufacture the part.

So let's look and see how the process works.

So to begin the process of developing the part, we first have to create a 3d model, the 3d model of this product or this part we're going to make is done in engineering.

And in engineering, they will create for you a 3d model, placing this part in 3d space, where I can look at it from all angles, and work with it from all angles to create the part that I'm going to be working with.

So from that, we are going to have what we refer to as a drawing or a part drawing.

So from the 3d model, I'm going to create a part drawing and on this part drawing, it will give me all of the dimensions of the part that I'm going to make.

So I take all of this information, and I either load it into the 3d printer, or I take it into the process of machining.

So the first one I want to look at is the process of machining or subtractive manufacturing.

So in subtractive, manufacturing, we would start off with a solid block of material.

And from that we would begin to cut away or remove material to make the part that we're trying to make.

So the machine begins to cut and then each cut it removes a little bit of material all the way down until we get the part that we're trying to make this again would be subtractive manufacturing.

So today, I would like to do an exercise with you using Lego blocks.

So I went around my house today and I found some Lego blocks.

So to do the additive manufacturing, you will need three of the rectangular Lego blocks and you will need four square Lego blocks.

So to show you the additive manufacturing remember additive manufacturing is the layering of materials.

So in additive Manufacturing, each level of Legos would represent a level of the part that we're wanting to make.

So as we stack, the Legos, the part that we're looking for, and the part that we created in engineering begins to develop with each layer.

As we stack each layer of Legos, then the part that we designed in engineering begins to show.

So again, this is how additive manufacturing works.

It's the stacking of parts one on top of the other.

So you can take a few minutes if you could try this for yourself at home.

So now let's look at subtractive manufacturing.

For this exercise, you will need three of the rectangular Legos and 10 of the square Legos.

So what happens in this process is we began to take material away to get the desired shape, we refer to that as machining.

So we began to each layer, remove some of the material.

And as we remove the material, the part that was designed in engineering begins to take shape.

So through this, we have subtractive manufacturing.

And now we have the part that was designed in engineering.

So the red part is going to represent subtractive manufacturing.

And the blue part will represent additive manufacturing.

As you can see, both parts look the same.

They just use a different process to get to the same desired result.

So no matter whether you're using additive manufacturing, or subtractive, manufacturing, you can produce the part as desired and as designed through engineering.

Well, I hope you enjoy today's look at additive manufacturing, versus subtractive manufacturing.

So today, if you look around your house, see if you can find some objects that you can stack one on top of the other to produce a different shape.

This again would be a good exercise for additive manufacturing.

And then ask an adult if you could use a pair of scissors, a piece of paper and draw a shape on that piece of paper and then cut that shape out.

Using the scissors to cut out the shape would be another example of subtractive manufacturing.

So as you go through today, just look for opportunities where you can apply these principles.

Again, I'm Mr. sands from the United Technical Center in Clarksburg, West Virginia.

And thanks for spending a little time with me today.

Have a great day.

Thanks, Mr. Sans.

All right.

Well, that wraps up everything for us here today on Education Station.

We want to thank everyone who shared their awesome lessons.

And we want to thank you for watching.

We'll see you next time right here on Education Station.